Showing posts with label BPI West. Show all posts
Showing posts with label BPI West. Show all posts

Monday, March 21, 2016

The Standardization of Single-use Components for Bioprocessing

The focus in the bioprocessing industry is shifting from acceptance of single-use technology to standardization. It is critical that components be included in the standardization discussion. The tubing connector is essential for secure, sterile, leak-free connections between various single-use systems and processes. A user can have the best filter, bag and tubing but this is all pointless if the connector is not reliable, easy-to-use or robust. Improving connector compatibility and interchangeability are great opportunities for standardization, particularly because of complications related to managing inventories.

Inventory Issues


Several inventory issues arise from lack of connector standardization:

• Increased ordering complexity because the user must define which tube set or assembly works with which part of the application. 
• Greater risks of specifying the wrong system or connection, resulting in downtime and last minute adjustments at the end user site.
• Longer lead times because systems suppliers are manufacturing lower volumes of multiple SKUs as opposed to higher volumes of fewer SKUs. This lowers the incentive and likelihood for a manufacturer to stock of these items.
• Increased stocking requirements for end users, including connectors of different genders and other components needed to create make-shift adapters.

Reducing Overhead Costs: Less is More


While overhead cost reductions might be difficult to quantify, they cannot be overlooked. Reduction in SKUs and inventory lowers the cost of managing and maintaining that inventory, which allows capital to be allocated to additional process improvements. One way to help simplify and reduce inventory is to use genderless connectors that enable transitions between tubing of different sizes. Using genderless connections (e.g. CPC’s interchangeable AseptiQuik® G connectors) eliminate the need for reducer fittings elsewhere in the process as the connectors can act as reducers.

Component Standardization


By focusing on the most versatile genderless connectors, component standardization will help bioprocessing companies make the best use of single-use technology. The right connectors will enable end users to:
• Streamline operations with easy-to-use, robust sterile connections
• Eliminate potential ordering mistakes and reduce inventory demands related to gendered connectors • Maintain more flexibility and lessen production bottlenecks with onsite connector assembly 
• Reduce overhead costs, freeing up capital for other projects

Ultimately, standardizing components by incorporating single-use genderless connectors lets end users accomplish more with fewer finished goods, saving time and money, and getting their biopharmaceutical products to market more efficiently. 


Author: Todd Andrews, Global Sales and Business Development Manager, Bioprocessing for CPC – Colder Products Company

The standardization of single-use components for bioprocessing byTodd Andrews, Colder Products Company



Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Thursday, March 3, 2016

Don’t Miss BPI West!

Last chance to register for BPI West is March 9th. Use the code BPIWEST16BL and save $100- Register now!

The clock is ticking. BPI West is just over a week away! Don't miss out on networking with industry experts, scientists and executives, along with emerging and established technology companies. Your registration will gain you access to:

• 700+ global attendees
• 80+ exhibitors highlighting new products and technologies
• 65+ scientific posters showcasing novel research
• 3 thought-leading keynote presentations
• BPI West Theater Presentations
• And More!

Download the brochure for full program details.

PLUS! We're excited to announce that Michael Egholm, President of Pall Biopharmaceuticals joins the upcoming BPI West event in Oakland on March 14th! Join us as he provides an update on the Significant Technology Advances Enabling Integrated Continuous BioProcessing during Monday's The Future of Continuous Processing pre-conference symposia. Best of all, this session is complimentary to all registered attendees!



Can't make it to all 4 days? We've got you covered with special one-day Exposition Hall & Keynotes passes starting at $150! Click here for more information.


Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, February 29, 2016

Innovative Technologies, People, and Organizations Drive the Future of Bioprocessing

By  S. Anne Montgomery, Editor in Chief, BioProcess International 

In the 14 years that BioProcess International (BPI) magazine has been around, the biopharmaceutical industry has experienced a dramatic confluence of technologies, analytics, and regulatory initiatives aimed toward accelerating development and commercialization of life-saving biotherapeutics. Although a number of these topics were “on the radar” before the turn of the century, by the time of BPI’s first issue in January of 2003, they were beginning to be discussed in earnest, and references to “disruptive technologies” began to appear in print, online, and conference discussions across development phases.

As revealed in BPI’s article archive the list is impressive and includes, notably
• single-use technologies
• quality-by-design
• process-analytical technologies
• advanced medicines/cell and gene therapies
• antibody–drug conjugates
• biosimilars and biobetters
• immunotherapies
• combination products
• companion diagnostics
• platform analytics and manufacturing technologies
• product life-cycle development
• continuous processing.

We have watched, too, as those innovations spread across the globe into regions not previously considered to be biomanufacturing hubs and as international regulatory agencies sought to harmonize pathways to approval. Different partnering models have emerged with both long- and short-term goals, but many in response to concerns about supply-chain integrity in an era of life-cycle management.

Presenting information and guidance for sorting through these choices of platforms, technologies, and manufacturing models is the continuing work of technical publications and conference presentations. BioProcess International magazine has always benefited from its close collaboration with the Informa conference groups (IIR/IBC) to create separate but compatible content and presentation vehicles. Many of the magazine’s editorial advisors also have served on the conference advisory panels, for example, and industry trends (and the best people to speak and write about them) identified by one group are shared with the other to bring as consistent a message to our readers and event attendees as possible.

Our two annual flagship events — now called BPI West and BPI — pull these interrelated topics together into week-long programs that you don’t want to miss if you need to stay on top of the latest interpretations of these trends. A quick look at the program for the upcoming BPI West (14–17 March 2016 in Oakland, CA) reveals the ongoing impact of the past decade’s advances on the current biopharmaceutical industry. The opening preconference symposia in themselves reflect key areas of attention: innovative approaches and technologies in process development and manufacturing, cell-therapy commercialization, ADC development, and continuous processing. Many elements of those topics were just promising ideas a decade ago, research topics that “might someday” be brought into commercial viability.

Another example is that the Basic Research and Discovery track of this year’s conference is far from the relatively “siloed” research presentations of the past. Speakers here now will stress the needed overlap of development strategies with early risk analysis and process optimization — with their goals (repeating across product classes and development stages) of shortening the times for lead optimization and transition into manufacturing. Enabling technologies incorporate analytical tools that in themselves introduce new questions: How much information is too much? What are we seeing now of contaminants and particulates in marketed products that we didn’t know were there before, and what does that mean for developers of follow-on products? What statistical knowledge for assessing this wealth of data is now required of those entering the industry that was not deemed necessary before?

I urge you to visit the conference site, download the program, and plan to attend sessions that will help you navigate the current and future worlds of biomanufacturing. Network with your peers, among whom are many veterans who helped build our current industry as well as a younger generation who are introducing fresh insights and new ways of implementing technologies and communication tools.

And as you contribute to advancing this new world biomedical approaches, take a look, also, at BPI’s third biennual awards program categories. Our awards are designed to reflect key milestones in the industry, highlight technologies that are making often-disruptive changes in how biopharmaceutical products and modalities are reaching those who desperately need them, and honor companies and people who are building a new world of healthcare options for both regional and global communities.

I have followed the biopharmaceutical industry as an editor since 1988, and I sometimes take a step back and marvel at how far this work has come. Technologies come and go — and some return again, with problems solved and new challenges revealed. Terminology may look the same, but its connotations are sometimes radically different to new generations. As always, communication is key, but exchange of knowledge must be based on shared understanding of terminology and technologies. Plan to join us in March and continue to contribute to these meaningful discussions. Make your mark on the future of biomanufacturing — we need your voice and we want to hear about your experiences.


Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, February 22, 2016

How to Accelerate Biopharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing


At BioProcess International last October, Ganesh Vedantham, Ph.D., Director, Process and Product Engineering at Amgen moderated a panel to discuss innovation, in technology, products for acceleration of biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing. The evolution in Biopharmaceutical industry business model led by cost structure, geographic dynamics, global, economic realities and policies. And the industry trends in next 3-5 years in business model, cost structure, biopharmaceutical development and manufacturing, geographic dynamics, global realities and policies.

The panelists consisted of:
  • K.V. Subramaniam, MBA, Chief Executive Officer, Reliance Life Sciences
  • Rahul Singhvi, MBA, Chief Operating Officer, Takeda Vaccines
  • Hanne Bak, Ph.D., Senior Director, Purification Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
  • Victor Vinci, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President of Process Development at Cook Pharmica
  • Gregg Nyberg, Ph.D., Director of Cell Sciences and Technologies, Amgen


Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, February 15, 2016

Key Industry Business & Market Trends; From a CMO Perspective


For a sneak peek at the high caliber of content presented at BPI West, we had industry expert Dr. Victor Vinci of Cook Pharmica join us for an exclusive interview.

In this interview, Victor Vinci, Ph.D., Chief Scientific Officer and Vice President of Process Development at Cook Pharmica discusses key trends as they relate to the business and market landscape from a CMO perspective, what the risks are and how as a CMO do you share or mitigate those risks - as well as what that process of sharing and mitigating looks like, and finally he discusses Cook Pharmica and their unique position relative to other CMO's and the strategic direction they are taking.


Interested in learning more? Join us at BPI West - March 14-17 in Oakland, CA. Register before 2/19 with the code BPIWEST16BL and save $300! Click here to activate your savings.


Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, February 8, 2016

The General Evolution of the Vaccine Industry

For a sneak peek at the high caliber of content presented at BPI West, we had industry expert Rahul Singhvi, COO of Takeda Vaccines join us for an exclusive interview.

In this interview, Rahul Singhvi, MBA, the Chief Operating Officer at Takeda Vaccines starts by discussing the general evolution of vaccine industry over the years and what the industry looks like today. He mentions that companies in the vaccine space today tend to be very insular - controlling all aspects of the process - but continues on to say that Takeda is proudly taking a partnering approach and goes on to explain what that means and why it is important. On top of that, Rahul continues to discuss what he feels the greatest needs and opportunities are in terms of technological innovation, development and manufacturing solutions. And finally makes some bold predictions on the vaccine industries future, and the key trend and opportunities that you should watch for.


Interested in learning more? Join us at BPI West - March 14-17 in Oakland, CA. Register before 2/19 with the code BPIWEST16BL and save $300 | To activate your savings, click here.



Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Wednesday, February 3, 2016

[Survey] Bioprocessing Efficiency | Enter for a Chance to Win









Maximize Efficiency; Streamline Biopharmaceutical Process Development & Production 

One of the major goals of BPI West it to provide information that you can use to streamline and accelerate process development and production to maximize efficiency from basic research to commercial manufacturing. With that in mind, we would greatly appreciate a few moments of your time to answer the following questions to help us better understand your needs and approaches to accomplishing these goals.


Upon completing the survey, you will be entered into a drawing to win an all-access pass* to BPI West, taking place in Oakland, CA March 14-17, 2016. Learn more about BPI West.

The compiled results of this survey will be distributed as a detailed infographic reportt, depicting the current state and future directions of the biopharmaceutical industry.

We truly value the information you have provided and thank you in advance for taking the time out of your busy day to participate in our survey.

*Offer is not valid for existing or pending registrations, and cannot be retroactively applied. IBC USA & BPI West are not responsible for any hotel or travel costs.


Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, February 1, 2016

[Interview] K.V. Subramaniam, Chief Executive Officer of Reliance Life Sciences

In this interview, K.V. Subramaniam, MBA, Chief Executive Officer of Reliance Life Sciences, discusses the history of Reliance Life Sciences and their companies evolution over their 13 year history. With K.V.'s extensive knowledge in emerging markets, he discusses what it takes to gain traction in India and other emerging markets... more specifically, he discusses the innovation imperatives for India and other emerging markets; in regards to where he sees needs, and the opportunities for technology and product solutions. On top of that, K.V. discusses how the market itself has changed over the years and what it will look like moving into 2016 and beyond.


Interested in learning more? Join us at BPI West - March 14-17 in Oakland, CA. Register before 2/19 with the code BPIWEST16BL and save $300!


Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Wednesday, January 20, 2016

8 Reasons Why You Can't Miss BPI West | Plus! Register by Friday, 1/22 and Save $400


8 Reasons Why You Can't Afford to Miss BPI West:
1. First and only phase-based format event that fosters the collective sharing ideas, strategies and solutions across departments to improve speed, cost and quality at every stage of development
2. Breakdown the barriers and collaborate across stages of development to achieve end-to-end integration
3. Discover the latest breakthroughs on successfully implementing continuous processes and linking them together to achieve fully continuous processing from cell culture through to drug substance
4. Accelerate the design and development of novel drug substances for next generation therapeutics by integrating candidate selection and early development
5. Develop strategies for fast tracking early stage biologics and managing the life cycle of a break through therapy designated product
6. Speed up and streamline the transition into development by utilizing manufacturability assessments, automation, and QbD in late stage discovery and R&D
7. Implement disruptive technologies and achieve operational excellence to drive manufacturing efficiencies and minimize costs
8. Uncover the future of single-use systems and next generation facility design, modelling and management in current and emerging markets

Want to learn more about the event? Download the brochure.

Register by this Friday, January 22nd and receive up to $400 in savings - Use the code BPIWEST16BL to save.




Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, January 11, 2016

[Podcast] Disposable Membrane Chromatography Systems for mAb Purification




While around 75% of therapies in the market are based on antibodies and the classical way of purifying them in the bed chromatography approach. This method of purification is only good for a product with a long shelf-life or is in high demand. What about the products with low demand or are only for therapeutic and clinical use?

Siddhartha Shrivastava, Ph.D., Senior Scientist, Downstream Process Development, Patheon says “if the product has got a long shelf-life, a long demand, that makes sense for us to invest in it and create a good infrastructure, a good footprint and bear the high operational and capital expenditure. But, if the product is in the development phase and you need to have some quick lots of drugs so that we can try clinically, that does not make sense. And, by moving to the disposable technology we are also reducing the chances of cross contamination.”

In this podcast interview, Dr. Siddhartha Shrivastava explains:
• The importance of disposable membrane chromatography systems for mAb purification
• Why disposable technology is more appealing compared to conventional technology
• The cost effectiveness of disposable technology
• Large scale testing of disposable membrane chromatography systems

Listen to the podcast or download a transcript here!

Editor’s note: Interested in learning more about the importance of disposable membrane chromatography systems for mAb purification? Then join us for BPI West, March 14-17th in Oakland, CA.

Download the event agenda or visit the event website.

Save $400 - Register with the code BPIWEST16BL




Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Friday, January 8, 2016

Leaders from Amgen and Celltheon Set to Keynote BPI West

Specialists from every discipline and stage of development aim to achieve the common goals of optimizing speed, reducing cost, and improving quality from basic research to commercialization. What helps the learning curve is to benchmark best practices from the exclusive experience of the top minds in the biopharmaceutical industry.

The leading experts from Amgen and CellTheon will get together at BPI West in Oakland, CA (March 14-17, 2016) to share their exclusive case studies and new data and evaluate the different approaches that are being utilized to streamline and accelerate development and production across:

- Basic Research & Discovery
- Early Stage Process Development & Pre-Clinical Manufacturing
- Late Stage Process Development & Clinical Manufacturing
- Commercial Manufacturing & Beyond

The following keynotes have been announced:



Amita Goel, MSc. Founder, and CEO, Celltheon will be presenting on Innovative Technologies for the Expression of Next Generation Bio Therapeutics;


Rohini Deshpande, Ph.D. Executive Director, Process and Product Development, Amgen will give a talk on End-to-End Integration;



Ran Zheng, Ph.D., Executive Director, Plant Manager, Amgen is joining BPI West with a presentation called “Unleashing the Power of Innovation to Tackle Biomanufacturing's Greatest Challenges, Fuel Growth and Drive Value Creation.”


To see more speakers and to get the most up-to-date brochure, click here. 
Don’t miss the chance to learn the innovative strategies and technologies and help move the pipeline of next generation drug candidates closer to approval!

Register before Friday, January 22nd and save $400 – Simply use the code BPIWEST16BL, to save. 



Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Tuesday, December 15, 2015

BPI West Brochure is Now Available for Download | Save $500 Now, Rates Increase Friday

Break down the barriers between departments and stages of development at BPI West - the industry's first and only phase-based format event! 



BPI West is one-of-a-kind phase-based format is designed to capitalize on the latest approaches and technologies to help move the pipeline of next generation drug candidates closer to approval. Collectively share ideas, strategies and solutions to improve speed, cost and quality from basic research to commercial manufacturing.

Top 3 Reason Why You Can’t Miss BPI West:
  1. Learn how to streamline and accelerate the development to approval process by collaborating at the interfaces of discovery, R&D, process development, and manufacturing
  2. Discover the latest tools, technologies, and strategic approaches to increase efficiency, productivity, and cost savings at every stage of development
  3. Foster the cross-fertilization of new ideas and perspectives to reach new levels of clinical and commercial success

This new format will bring together experts from every discipline and stage of development to achieve the common goals of optimizing speed, reducing cost, and improving quality from basic research to commercialization. Benchmark best practices, hear exclusive case studies and new data presentations at BPI West in Oakland, CA.

Don't forget! This Friday, December 18th is your last chance to save up to $500! Use the code BPIWEST16BL to save - Register here.



Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!


Monday, December 14, 2015

BioProcess International Conference 2015 - An Overview for Anyone Who Missed It!

by Brandy Sargent

Introduction
While attending this year’s BioProcess International Conference (BPI) in Boston last month, I was excited because it seemed to be a larger turnout then I’d remembered from previous years. BPI recently confirmed that it was in fact the largest attendance in BPI’s twelve-year history. In addition to the larger turnout, the content felt fresher and very relevant to the current challenges and potential solutions facing the industry. BPI provides talks focused on improving the manufacturing process for biopharmaceuticals, enables industry networking opportunities, and the chance to see the latest products and technologies.

Conference Highlights
For me one of the biggest highlights of the conference was the keynote, “Amgen’s Next-Generation Biomanufacturing Facility by Kimball Hall, Vice President Manufacturing, Amgen Singapore Manufacturing Pte. Ltd. In the talk Ms. Hall describes the 200 million dollar next generation manufacturing facility Amgen built in Singapore. The facility was built in less than two years, half the time of a more traditional facility, and is state of the art in terms of innovative technologies. One of the enabling technologies used in the facility is single-use technology. The facility is over 90% single-use, in fact they only need one autoclave. The facility also incorporates continuous processes and relies on the concept of closed system manufacturing.

Ms. Hall describes how they have implemented a closed system approach to allow for a central manufacturing suite where upstream and downstream can be conducted in the same room. They are using smaller, single-use bioreactors coupled with continuous processes in downstream and real time quality analysis to ensure both an efficient process and a closed system. Ms. Hall states that using this manufacturing approach, they have been able to achieve improvements in yield and reduction in cost per gram.

In addition this closed system approach also permits their solution prep area to operate for both media and buffer prep with closed raw material bags, anti-static powder transfer sleeves and connections to 5,000 L single-use mixing vessels ensuring material stays closed within its equipment. To move solutions from the prep room to manufacturing, they have built openings in the walls, which allow solutions to be pumped through this opening into the other room. Material can also be pumped from the central manufacturing suite through an opening in the wall into the final purification room.

Ms. Hall addresses possible environmental impact concerns about the amount of single-use materials by walking through the environmental impact. First, they use less water for heating, cooling and cleaning. The facility overall has a smaller footprint with lower air quality classifications, thus reducing energy consumption and lowering emissions. They have can achieve solid waste reduction due to the smaller reactor size and they are working on recycling the bags and are with a group developing a way to incinerate them for biofuel.

Responding to a question about perceived regulatory risk for this next generation facility, Ms. Hall said that they have met with regulatory bodies along the way, who have been positive but have always said “we’ll have to see on inspection”. They would like it to be licensed as is but have risk mitigation plans in place for how to accommodate any required changes.

One thing that Ms. Hall also makes clear is that the relationships with suppliers have been critical. The suppliers are deeply embedded in this process and she even remarked that there were employees from the supplier companies sitting in her cafeteria during performance lot runs, waiting to help solve any problems that might arise. With the increasing complexity of these technologies, it is key that the relationships with suppliers be strong and that there is trust. Specifications and product details must be shared back and forth so that the best process can be developed and if any problems arise they can be addressed quickly.

As the question and answer session began, one person stood up to ask a question, I’m sorry I didn’t catch her name, but she called the building of this facility “Brave.” Initially it struck me that she used that that term to describe the building of this facility, but upon further reflection I understand why. In building this facility, Amgen has really committed to changing the biomanufacturing paradigm. They have invested incredible amounts of time and resources into a project that has no absolute assurance of regulatory licensing and have shared these details publically as a guide for others. For the industry to evolve it takes a company to embrace new technology and to “go first” to prove that it is feasible and that it can receive approval from the regulatory bodies. The first or firsts must pave the way before others feel comfortable to do it as well. To some in the industry who have been considering this kind of manufacturing platform, but have been waiting to see what will happen, I can see how this move may be considered brave. For a person who has been covering these innovative technologies and was able through Ms. Hall’s talk to see it all put together into one facility, for me it was inspiring.

Another really interesting talk was the keynote on “What is the Future of Continuous Processing – What is the Time Frame for Implementing Fully Continuous Processing in Commercial Production?” by Konstantin Kostantinov, Ph.D., Vice President, Technology Development, Genzyme. Genzyme has long been a proponent and pioneer for continuous processes in biomanufacturing. At the BDP conference earlier this year, there was a wonderful talk given by Dr. Veena Warikoo, Director, Purification Development, Genzyme on their concept of the bioprocessing facility of the future. Please see, “Continuous Bioprocessing – The Biomanufacturing Model of the Future?” for more details.

Other conference highlights this year included:

  • Keynote presentations from Merck, Novartis, and the Duke Human Vaccine Institute
  • A pre-conference symposium that had an entire track dedicated to Cell Therapy
  • Ask the Regulators Open Forum
  • Bioprocessing Problem-Solving Moderated Discussions
  • Town Hall Forums
  • BPI Theater Panel discussions on “Accelerating Biopharmaceutical Development and Manufacturing” and “CMO Panel Discussion on Perspectives and Lessons Learned on Overcoming Challenges with Tech Transfers and Biomanufacturing,”


Different Discussions by Conference Track
There were some overall themes this year that I felt were a continuation of many great discussions that were presented at the BDP Conference earlier this year including continuous processing in both upstream and downstream and implementation of closed systems. This is by no means an exhaustive list, but some highlights of the talks I attended by track include:

Cell Culture
  • Perfusion and continuous processes continue to be a hot topic
  • Several talks on novel approaches to cell line development including talks on CRISPR/Cas9 technology and how this can be applied to cell line development and production.
  • Good discussion surrounding glycolsylation and how to achieve consistentcy. This included discussions around how media is involved in that process and predicting glycosylation profiles using metabolic data.
  • Media improvements and using high throughput approaches to process development and media screening.

Recovery and purification
  • In downstream, just as in upstream, implementation of continuous processes was a hot topic.
  • Several discussions around using new recovery and purification technologies to improve overall efficiency and purification
  • Looking at non-chromatographic purification of proteins
  • High throughput process development strategies.

Manufacturing strategy

  • Facility design incorporating the ballroom suite or central manufacturing suite approach.
  • Closed systems as a way to enable more flexible facilities, see “Closed Systems in Biomanufacturing Offer A Variety of Benefits,” for more information.
  • Continued process verification (CPV) strategies
  • How to utilize facility design, single-use technologies and bioprocess automation in BRIC countries.
  • Data collection, data management and bioprocess automation.

Drug Product Manufacturing and Fill-Finish Processing

  • Implementing PAT tools and applying QbD
  • Streamlining and integrating drug substance and final drug product manufacturing
  • New strategies for aseptic filling
  • Several talks on particulates and appropriate approaches

Analytical, Formulation and Quality
  • Talks on integrating critical quality attribute monitoring and multi-attribute monitoring and control.
  • High throughput analytical assays for process development support and quality control
  • Many talks on biosimilars and product quality, characterization and comparability.
  • Good discussion on supplier relationships and ensuring raw material tracking and control.

I will cover several of these areas in more detail in the coming weeks – stay tuned. In 2016 …

A new BPI West will make its debut March 14-17, 2016 in Oakland, CA and will be the West Coast compliment to BPI in Boston October 4-7, 2016. Register with the code BPIWEST16BL and save $100 off the current rate.


This overview of BPI was contributed by Brandy Sargent, Editor of Cell Culture Dish. View the original post in its entirety here. 



Share this article with your social network, just click below to share now!